When carrying out certain dental procedures, it may be necessary to reliably isolate the teeth from saliva, as well as the gums from the effects of chemicals used in treatment. For example, this is necessary when filling canals, restoring teeth and performing other complex procedures. Typically, special cotton or gauze swabs are used for these purposes. However, there is also such an alternative solution in dentistry as a rubber dam - a device that isolates the working surface from the mucous membrane during the treatment process.
Advantages and disadvantages of rubber dam
In dentistry, a rubber dam is a special rubber curtain that is installed on a tooth using clamps and isolates it from the surrounding oral cavity. This device is characterized by a whole list of indisputable advantages, among which the following are worth highlighting:
- reliable protection of the mucous membrane from the effects of chemicals;
- providing a good overview of the elements of the dentition;
- the ability to swallow during dental procedures;
- prevention of dry mouth;
- ensuring the most comfortable position of the tongue;
- eliminating the need to constantly change gauze swabs and rinse your mouth.
The use of rubber dam in dentistry significantly increases the degree of patient comfort during dental treatment. A person can breathe freely and swallow saliva, and the manifestations of the gag reflex are minimized. Patients note a decrease in fatigue of the masticatory muscles, which are usually in a tense state throughout the entire treatment process due to the need to keep the mouth open for a long time.
However, along with numerous advantages, the device in question also has a number of disadvantages, among which it is worth paying attention to:
- the possibility of developing an allergic reaction (silicone plates may be an alternative);
- possibility of injury to interdental papillae;
- the risk of losing axial landmarks when opening the entrance to the dental cavity;
- excessive requirements when conducting radiographic examinations.
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Effective isolation of the working field
Such a dental device as a rubber dam has been known for quite a long time. In 1861, the GoodYear Company invented the vulcanization process. Just three years later, this technology found its way into dentistry: a certain Dr. Barnum came up with the idea of using a rubber scarf to isolate teeth during treatment. This moment can be considered the “birthday” of the rubber dam.
The use of a rubber dam has numerous advantages: it guarantees isolation from microorganisms, protects the patient from aspiration of instruments and detritus, and from contact with the mucous membrane of aggressive solutions and materials, and also protects the doctor from microorganisms and unpleasant odor from the patient’s mouth.
The following are counterarguments to the use of rubber dam:
- difficulty breathing for the patient;
- restriction of the patient's freedom of movement;
- inconvenience of applying the entire structure;
- the need to use hard steel clasps, which injure the hard tissues of the tooth.
There are many techniques for applying a rubber dam, and this often confuses doctors. The most common are two main methods.
According to the first of them, the selected clasp is fixed on the most distal tooth, after which the scarf, with the help of an assistant, is pulled first onto the clasp and then onto the frame.
The second method of applying a rubber dam is to make a hole in the latex scarf using a hole punch and then fix it on the frame. Subsequently, the required clasp is inserted into the hole in the scarf and the entire structure is applied to the most distally located tooth of those to be treated (Fig. 1).
Rice. 1
This method of applying a rubber dam is simpler and more common due to the fact that only a doctor works in the oral cavity (without an assistant). However, despite all the advantages of the above method, various difficulties and errors in application necessitated further optimization. This is how Kerr's OptiDam™ system was born and offers significant benefits.
First of all, the unusual three-dimensional design of OptiDam™ attracts attention. The idea of creating a 3D scarf for a rubber dam is driven by the need to reduce the pre-tension of the system.
This means that, in theory, OptiDam™ can be used without molar clasps, since the latex scarf lies passively in the mouth. While excessive tension on the scarf requires a rigid clasp to securely fix it, the absence of such tension allows one to avoid injury to hard and soft tissues.
The asymmetrical 3D shape of OptiDam™ Posterior (for posterior teeth) is no coincidence. The space in the area of the teeth to be treated is increased, which prevents accidental movement of the scarf due to unintentional movements of the doctor or patient (Fig. 2).
Rice. 2
In addition, sufficient space is also required for saliva removal by an assistant or a passively inserted saliva ejector into the oral cavity (Fig. 3), so the OptiDam™ does not take up too much space in the oral cavity on the side opposite to the intervention. At the same time, the scarf opens the corners of the patient’s lips, facilitating oral breathing.
Rice. 3
All these benefits are achieved not only due to the three-dimensional design of the scarf, but also thanks to the adjustable frame. The OptiDam™ frame is designed in such a way that its outline follows the lines of the lips when the mouth is open, its oval shape provides freedom of movement for the doctor and makes treatment more comfortable for the patient (Fig. 4).
Rice. 4
In addition, in the sagittal plane, the 3D contours of the frame also follow the contours of the face.
In the nose area, the rubber dam frame has a concave section, which facilitates nasal breathing for the patient. The pointed protrusions designed to secure the scarf in the OptiDam™ system are moved to special recesses on the frame, which eliminates the possibility of accidental injury. During treatment, this lip design makes it easier to collect various liquids that would normally splash onto the patient due to careless movements.
OptiDam™ Anterior (for the anterior group of teeth) has a symmetrical shape, as this is necessary to eliminate excess tension in the premolar area, in addition, it allows patients to move the lips away from the working field, and also ensures optimal aesthetics of restorations (Fig. 5).
Rice. 5
Thanks to the presence of special “papillae” on the surface of OptiDam™, located in the right place and having the right dimensions, the procedure for making holes in the rubber dam scarf becomes simple and predictable: in order to make a hole in the scarf, you simply need to cut off the top of the “papilla” using sharp scissors . The remaining uncut edges of the papilla face the gum and, when a rubber dam is applied, are immersed in the dental-gingival sulcus.
The depth of immersion depends on the height at which the top of the “papilla” was cut off. The advantages are easy gum retraction and the formation of a valve zone around the neck of the tooth, which is especially important in the anterior region, as it facilitates further modeling of the restoration.
Often, an objective determination of the color of the teeth becomes impossible after the application of a rubber dam due to their drying, however, the blue color of the scarf contributes to a more differentiated assessment of color, and also has a relaxing effect for the doctor’s eyes and increases the contrast of perception (Fig. 6).
Rice. 6
The application procedure for OptiDam™ Anterior is very simple. After making a hole of the required size, the scarf is put on a frame and usually fixed on the teeth symmetrically on opposite sides. The correct distance between the holes, as well as the sliding effect in a humid environment, facilitate the process of positioning the interdental septa of the scarf using floss (Fig. 7).
Rice. 7
To fix a rubber dam in the premolar area, a clasp is not always required: tying it with floss or using other auxiliary materials can solve this problem (Fig. 5). To immerse the edges of the scarf, located around the holes made, into the gingival sulcus, you can use an air gun (puster).
In difficult clinical situations, such as non-standard tooth position or the presence of a tooth defect below the gum level, the so-called adhesive technique is used. In these cases, the papillae on the scarf are not cut off, but with the help of scissors a long narrow incision is made along the dentition. Using tissue adhesive (Histoacryl®), the rubber dam is glued to the gum tissue on the vestibular and oral sides (Fig. 8).
Rice. 8
Once treatment is completed, the rubber dam is removed from the mouth without causing any damage to the soft tissue. In order to make the above incision in the correct place, the papillae on the scarf are used as a guide (Fig. 9): to ensure a tight fit of the rubber dam to the gum, the incision is placed along the buccal surface of the papillae. Thus, the possibilities of using a rubber dam are not limited to the placement of individual fillings, but also extend to more complex restoration techniques.
Rice. 9
“Upper” and “Lower” modifications of OptiDam™ Anterior are available with different papilla locations for the upper and lower dentition, which allows you to simultaneously apply a rubber dam to the anterior teeth of both jaws. This procedure was practically impossible with a conventional dental dam, so we can say that the OptiDam™ system opens up new possibilities, especially in the field of professional teeth whitening, since when using products with a peroxide content of up to 40%, complete isolation of the gums is a necessary condition. In addition, thanks to the concave edges of the holes in the scarf, the OptiDam™ system allows you to isolate a greater height of the clinical crown of the tooth (compared to traditional systems), which until now seemed impossible.
The use of OptiDam™ Posterior (for posterior teeth) does not differ significantly from traditional techniques, but it is significantly simplified due to the advantages described above (Fig. 10).
Rice. 10
If a clasp is used, we recommend (as when using any type of rubber dam) to pre-stretch the hole made in the scarf for passive insertion of the clasp. The range of possibilities is not limited to single restorations and includes more complex treatment techniques, such as adhesive fixation of metal-free prosthetics (Fig. 11).
Rice. eleven
The patient's comfort-oriented design and simplified application method make the rubber dam application procedure more enjoyable and safe even for an experienced specialist, and allow the novice to avoid the most common difficulties.
Adverse reactions
Dentistry uses a rubber dam made of rubber, which can cause an allergic reaction in some patients. In some cases, the cause of a negative reaction in the body may be talc, which is sprinkled on the preparatory plates. For example, some manufacturers produce options without the use of talc. A rubber dam is a type of dental device in question that is made from silicone. This material is characterized by many advantages, but has a weaker degree of elasticity.
Before introducing this technique into your dental practice, a specialist must master the technology of applying insulating protection itself. Incorrect use of this coating, as well as an error in selecting the thickness of the rubber pads, can lead to serious injury to the interdental papillae. The use of rubber dam in dentistry during the treatment process guarantees a long service life of the restored elements of the dentition.
The dental clinic “32 Dent” carries out all types of diagnostics and treatment of diseases of the teeth and oral cavity using the latest technologies, modern equipment and the best materials. To receive advice on all questions of interest, contact us by phone listed on the company’s website.
Scope of application of rubber dam.
- Endodontic dental treatment . When treating root canals, it is extremely important not only to maintain ideal sterility for the tooth, but also to prevent accidental contact with the oral mucosa of medications that can cause an allergic reaction.
- Restoration of teeth with light-curing fillings and artistic restorations. In order to achieve reliable adhesion of the filling material to the tooth surface, the conditions of absolute dryness of the treated surface must be met, which the rubber dam invariably helps with.
- Teeth whitening. To ensure that the whitening composition, which affects the enamel, does not injure the mucous membrane, the gums must be isolated using a liquid rubber dam. Professional teeth whitening is not complete without the use of a rubber dam.
- Fissure sealing. For high-quality fissure sealing (coating the chewing surface of the tooth with a special composition in order to protect the enamel from destruction by caries), a perfectly dry tooth surface is necessary.
- Splinting of teeth. When splinting, the adhesive material adheres better to the enamel surface when the risk of accidental saliva ingress is eliminated.
Modern dental floss
Teflon dental floss is considered the most durable. They have a low coefficient of friction and high mechanical tensile strength. Does not disintegrate into fibers.
Mirafloss Tape is an unwaxed (not waxed) tape floss that is tear and abrasion resistant due to Teflon fibers. Thread length 20 m.
Pierrot Dental TAPE is a waxed (wax-coated) tape floss made of Teflon. Suitable for those who have narrow interdental spaces. Thread length 20 m.
Revyline PTFE Black Edition is a waxed Teflon dental floss with mint impregnation. Ideal as a first thread. Length 50 m.
Tape floss Miradent Mirafloss Tape 20 m
Waxed Pierrot Dental TAPE with mint, 25 m
Dental floss Revyline PTFE Black Edition, 50 m
Flat, ribbon threads
The thickness of tape threads is usually 0.005-0.007 mm (tens of times smaller than a human hair), which allows them to easily penetrate even the narrowest interdental spaces. These flosses are recommended for those who have teeth that are close to each other.
Oral-B Pro-Expert Clinic Line and Oral-B Satin Floss are wax coated, mint flavored and 25m long.
Miradent Mirafloss chx-Tape is impregnated with chlorhexidine for an antiseptic effect. Thread length 20 m.
Biorepair Filo Non Cerato Ultrapiatto floss is ideal for cleaning narrow interdental spaces and sensitive teeth. The flat part helps remove food debris even in the most difficult to reach places. Thread length 30 m.
Revyline PTFE Black Edition dental floss is made of Teflon, has a jet black color and is impregnated with menthol. Thread length 50 m.
Waxed thread Oral-B Pro-Expert Clinic Line Cool mint, 25m
Tape floss with chlorhexidine miradent Mirafloss chx-Tape, 20 m
Ultra-flat thread Biorepair Filo Non Cerato Ultrapiatto, 30 m
Waxed thread Oral-B SatinFloss mint, 25 m
Expanding threads
The peculiarity of such threads is that they swell (expand) under the influence of saliva and become thicker than 1 mm in diameter. This allows them to thoroughly clean the wide interdental spaces from food debris and plaque.
Biorepair Espandibile dental floss is an ultra-soft, expanding floss infused with hyaluronic acid to relieve gum inflammation. Thread length 30 m.
GUM Expanding Floss is a waxed expanding floss, ideal for sensitive teeth. Length 30 m.
Swiss Smile waxed dental tape penetrates the interdental space slightly expanding, thereby providing excellent cleansing without damaging soft tissues. The tape refreshes the oral cavity well due to its mint impregnation. Available in two colors: blue and black. Thread length 70 m.
Waxed Splat Dental Floss expands with use, providing more effective cleaning of the surface of the teeth. The antibacterial component Biosol stops the proliferation of bacteria. Thread length 30 m.
Waxed dental tape Swiss Smile, 70 m
Waxed thread Splat Dental Floss mint with silver fibers, 30 m
Waxed thread GUM Expanding Floss, 30m
Waxed expanding thread Biorepair Filo Cerato Espandibile, 30 m
Superflosses
Superflosses are special threads consisting of several types of alternating fibers for effective cleaning of braces, bridges and implants.
Most superflosses consist of two parts:
— a rigid tip necessary for threading under an orthodontic structure or a bridge;
— the spongy part (a wide unwaxed thread resembling a sponge), necessary for cleaning orthopedic and orthodontic structures, as well as interdental spaces.
Superfloss brand Oral-B Superfloss differs from classic superfloss: firstly, it has a fixed length (the package contains 50 pieces of 60 cm in length), and secondly, it consists of three parts (hard tip, spongy part and regular waxed thread) .
Mirafloss Implant chx is a practical box of 50 threads, 15 cm long, for cleaning braces and implants. The middle part of the superfloss is impregnated with chlorhexidine for an antiseptic effect. Available in two versions: thin threads (diameter 1.8 mm) or medium thickness (diameter 2.2 mm). Thread length 50 m.
GUM Access Floss superfloss is no less effective in cleaning braces, implants and wide interdental spaces . There are 50 threads in a package. The total length of the thread is 30 m.
Dental floss Oral-B Superfloss, 50 pcs.
Floss miradent Mirafloss Implant chx 1.8 mm for implants/braces
Floss miradent Mirafloss Implant chx 2.2 mm for implants/braces
GUM Access Floss for implants/braces, 30m
Waxed threads
Waxed threads are those that are coated with wax on top. They need such a coating in order to easily slide into the interdental spaces of dense or crowded teeth. This type of thread is atraumatic and does not cause discomfort when used, so it is more often recommended than others for those who are just beginning their acquaintance with threads.
Emmi-dent Dental Floss is made from high quality nylon and has a refreshing mint flavor. Suitable for sensitive teeth. Thread length 50 m.
The voluminous waxed floss of the Italian production Splat Dental Floss glides easily between the teeth, contains essential oils (cardamom, strawberry or bergamot) and the antibacterial component Biosol, which provides effective protection for the oral cavity. Thread length 30 m.
Waxed dental floss Pierrot Dental floss is made of nylon and impregnated with wax for better glide. Fluoride, which is included in the composition, restores and protects enamel from caries in places inaccessible to a brush, and aloe vera has an anti-inflammatory and wound-healing effect. Thread length 50 m.
Curaprox Dental Floss waxed interdental floss with mint flavor. Thread length 50 m.
Waxed thread Emmi-dent Dental Floss mint, 50 m
Waxed dental floss Pierrot Dental floss with aloe vera, 50 m
Waxed floss Curaprox DF834, 50 m
Waxed thread Splat Dental Floss with cardamom, 30 m
Unwaxed threads
Unwaxed threads are threads that do not have a wax coating. Due to this, the threads do not slip into the interdental spaces, but gently “rub the enamel,” thereby cleaning it much better from plaque and food debris.
ROCS Black Edition unwaxed expanding floss with mint flavor helps prevent gum inflammation, keeps teeth healthy and white, and freshens breath. Length 40 m.
The Biorepair line includes two types of unwaxed floss: Biorepair Spugnoso - a sponge floss (unwaxed, sponge-like) for cleaning wide interdental spaces, and Biorepair Ultrapiatto - an ultra-flat unwaxed floss for cleaning narrow interdental spaces. Both threads contain unique MicroRepair crystals that promote mineralization of tooth enamel. The length of the threads is 30 m.
Tape floss with chlorhexidine Miradent Mirafloss , impregnated with a chlorhexidine solution, has an antibacterial effect and reduces the formation of plaque. The surface of the tape is unwaxed, made of PET (Teflon), thanks to which it glides easily when inserted into dense interdental spaces.
Dental floss ROCS Black Edition (black), 40 m
Sponge dental floss Biorepair Filo Non Cerato Spugnoso, 30 m
Tape floss with chlorhexidine miradent Mirafloss chx-Tape, 20 m
Ultra-flat thread Biorepair Filo Non Cerato Ultrapiatto, 30 m
The effectiveness of antibiotics and folk remedies
Pulpitis is a complication of carious processes that occurs as a result of infectious agents entering the tooth pulp. Caries is an irreversible process that can only be treated by drilling out rotten tissue. Experiments indicate that the microflora that causes caries is highly resistant to any antibiotics. For example, resistance to ampicillin is 99.99%, and to lincomycin - 95%. If bacteria have such a high resistance to antibiotics, then the use of “miracle” herbs and rinses is not even worth talking about.
History of dental floss
The word “floss” comes to us from the English language and is literally translated as “dental floss”. It was first mentioned in the book A Practical Guide to Dental Care, written by American dentist Levi Spear Parmley in 1819. He suggested to his patients and readers to use silk dental floss to remove food debris from the interdental spaces.
During World War II, when Japan stopped supplying silk to America and Europe, silk dental floss was replaced by nylon floss, developed by DuPont. Nylon was thinner, stronger and cheaper. It was produced in large quantities, and therefore became very popular in the mass market.
Method of vital amputation of dental pulp –
This method is conditionally conservative, because
it provides for the preservation of viable pulp not in the entire tooth, but only in the root canals. The method consists of removing pulp only from the coronal part of the tooth (i.e., performing a pulpotomy), and in the root canals the pulp remains completely viable. All this is included in the concept of “vital amputation of the coronal part of the pulp.” However, this method is used only in the treatment of multi-rooted teeth (24stoma.ru). The latter is due to the fact that in single-rooted teeth there is no boundary as such between the root and coronal parts of the pulp. The author of the article also had personal experience in treating pulpitis with this method (pulpitis developed under an old filling). However, the experience could not be called successful, because... 3 months after the removal of the coronal pulp, the pain began again, and this time the pulp had to be completely removed. Unfortunately, this method also has an age limit - preferably up to 25-30 years old, and I understood that performing a vital amputation at 44 years old would be a risk that I took consciously. But my colleague and I decided to experiment a little. Below you can see how vital pulp amputation is performed - in the diagram and video.
Stages of treatment using the vital amputation method (Fig. 7-12):
The first visit is carried out -
- removal of all tissues affected by caries (Fig. 7-8),
- removal of the coronal part of the pulp + medicinal treatment (Fig. 9),
- applying a calcium-containing therapeutic pad to the mouth of the canals (Fig. 10),
- application of an insulating gasket made of glass ionomer cement (Fig. 11),
- applying a temporary filling,
- After the procedure, it is advisable to quickly use a helium-neon laser, as well as take non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, for example, Ibuprofen.
In video 1 , you can see how a pulpotomy (vital amputation of a baby tooth) is performed in a child. In video 2 , this method is performed on a teenager’s permanent molar. Please note that a special medicinal paste is subsequently applied to the mouths of the root canals, i.e. Direct coating of the pulp remaining in the root canals is carried out.
Second visit (provided there are no complaints) –
- isolation of the tooth from saliva using a rubber dam,
- removal of temporary filling,
- placement of a permanent filling (Fig. 12). We hope that our article on the topic: Biological method of treating pulpitis was useful to you!
Sources:
1. Higher prof. the author’s education in therapeutic dentistry, 2. Based on personal experience as a dentist, 3. National Library of Medicine (USA), 4. “Therapeutic dentistry: Textbook” (Borovsky E.), 5. “Pediatric therapeutic dentistry. National leadership" (Leontyev V.K.).
Clinical picture
The intensity of pain in this disease can be very different: insignificant, arising as a result of exposure to thermal factors, and acute paroxysmal, causing genuine horror in the patient. Treatment of tooth pulpitis depends on clear symptoms. The severity of pain divides the disease into two conventional categories.
Acute form
This form is characterized by intense, acute and paroxysmal pain, intensifying at night. If you ignore the disease, pain increases, and pain-free periods shorten. Often pain appears on its own, even without the action of irritating factors. During the period of absence of pain, discomfort may arise due to exposure to thermal factors, for example, cool or hot food. The pain remains for another 10-15 minutes after the irritating factor has been eliminated (this characteristic helps differentiate inflammation of the neurovascular bundles of the tooth from carious processes).
In the case of caries, the pain recedes along with the irritating factor. Often, the patient is unable to accurately point to the tooth that hurts, since pain impulses seep through all the nerve trunks. Due to the smooth transition of serous inflammation to purulent inflammation, pain also increases. During the progression of purulent inflammatory processes, the pain becomes constant: there are no painless intervals.
Chronic form
In this case, the inflammatory process is not expressed. Often a person feels a slight aching pain in the teeth, which most often appears due to the action of cold and hot food. Sometimes there is no pain at all. This form of the disease can develop into an acute form: at this time the pain becomes especially pronounced.
Treatment methods for pulpitis
Modern dentists use the depulpation method: the inflamed nerve is completely removed, then the dentist expands the cavity and performs a filling. If the patient is young and consults a dentist at the onset of the disease, other types of therapy can be used to preserve the living pulp. Dentists prefer to preserve the natural dental pulp, because after its removal, the shade of the tooth changes to grayish, and the strength deteriorates somewhat. It is often impossible to preserve the pulp in its original form, since patients make an appointment with the dentist already at the height of the acute form, when only surgical treatment is possible. The pulp preservation method is also relevant for young people: conservative treatment is often successful in patients under 25-27 years of age.
We will consider the treatment of pulpitis below in the article. By the way, according to statistics, approximately 60-70% of cases of treatment for this disease are carried out poorly and require repeated therapy.
