Burning and discomfort in the mouth and tongue: causes and treatment

Everyone has had to deal with unpleasant sensations in the mouth, but not with a burning sensation. This symptom is not very common, which is why it takes many people by surprise. The patient is not entirely clear what to do and who to contact.

There are several causes of burning in the mouth and tongue

, and in order to correctly prescribe treatment, the specialist will first have to go through all possible options, prescribe a comprehensive diagnosis and identify the disease that provoked such symptoms.

Dental causes of burning sensation in the mouth

When the first symptoms appear, you should contact your dentist, because most often the reasons are related to his profile:

• Oral candidiasis

  A burning sensation in the mouth and tongue after prosthetics or filling in most cases indicates poor quality of the procedure. The dentist could damage the mucous membrane during the operation or incorrectly manufacture the prosthesis itself. Some patients are allergic to the filling composition.

• With candidiasis, the tip of the tongue stings the most, there is a feeling that the palate is burned, and there is a bitter taste. Sometimes there is pain in the throat area. The disease manifests itself due to the active proliferation of yeast fungus against a background of weakened immunity.
• Stomatitis

  The cause of the disease can be glossitis. With this disease, due to the action of viruses and bacteria, the entire mucous membrane of the tongue experiences a strong burning sensation.

• Aphthous stomatitis is another disease that causes a burning sensation in the mouth. With it, small ulcers form on the mucous membrane, which hurt when touched. There is an unpleasant sensation in the mouth, like a burn from hot drinks.

Functions of the sky and structural features

The palate is a vault that separates the oral cavity from the nasopharynx. The structure of the palate consists of two sections - hard and soft. This organ performs an important function - it prevents food from entering the nasopharynx from the oral cavity.

In addition, receptors on the surface of the palate are associated with the larynx and take part in articulation and influence the timbre of the voice and the pitch of sounds. Thus, the inflammatory process of the upper palate disrupts all the functions of this important organ, and therefore requires mandatory treatment.

What disease can cause a burning sensation in the mouth?

If there is fever and general malaise, as well as other additional symptoms, the source should be sought in more serious diseases:

• The cause of a burning sensation in the mouth and throat is sometimes hidden in disorders of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Most often, people suffering from colitis or pancreatitis have to deal with this symptom.
• The patient may only feel that his mouth is baking and bitter. This is how the body reacts to serious stress; in such a state, the human body can behave unpredictably.

A feeling of dryness and burning in the mouth is one of the most common signs of both types of diabetes.

• Hormonal imbalance, especially at the very beginning of menopause, can cause burning in the gums. In this case, bitterness is sometimes felt on the tongue.
• Sjögren's syndrome does not appear so often, but still it should not be written off. The disease is called dry syndrome, since for no apparent reason it causes a disruption in the secretion of external glands, which ultimately leads to xerostomia - lack of saliva.
• Sometimes an acute deficiency of nutrients, primarily folic acid and vitamin B12, leads to the symptom. Usually in such cases it is the palate in the mouth that burns.

Causes of pain

Pain in the palate occurs due to external and internal factors. External causes include irritation of the oral mucosa by chemical and thermal factors. Minor microdamages lead to inflammation of the palate, as they create an ideal environment for the proliferation of pathogenic flora. Dentists identify several main causes of the problem.

Infections

The provoking factors of the problem include pathogens of fungal, viral and bacterial origin. There are pathogenic agents in the oral cavity of any person, but they are activated only under favorable conditions: a decrease in general and local immunity; metabolic disorders; chronic diseases.

The herpes virus affects not only the membranes of the palate, but also the mucous membranes of the entire oral cavity, including the lips. At the initial stage of the disease, the mucous membranes of the mouth become covered with red spots.

Fungal infection affects not only children, as many mistakenly believe, but also adult patients. The main symptoms of infection with yeast-like fungi are swelling of the soft tissues of the mouth and the appearance of a white coating on them.

The disease can develop secondarily as a result of infections of the ENT organs:

• tonsillitis;
• tonsillitis;
• inflammation of the tonsils.

The problems are complicated by secondary infection due to injury to the oral mucosa or poor hygiene.

Traumatic factors

The mucous membranes of the mouth are very thin, so hard and rough foods easily damage them. The same applies to cold and hot foods. The problem is often observed in adults and children who have the bad habit of biting their nails or putting foreign objects into their mouths. Violation of tissue integrity leads to the development of edema. The situation is complicated by poor oral hygiene.

Dental problems

Dental diseases that are not treated in a timely manner negatively affect the microflora of the mouth. In this case, gum inflammation is often accompanied by severe pain and swelling of the cheeks. The problem is caused by stomatitis, caries, dental cyst, periodontitis, osteomyelitis, pulpitis, periodontal disease.

Osteomyelitis is associated with inflammation of the deep layers of the gums and jaw structures, causing pain in the roof of the mouth

Why does the sky hurt? Other causes of palate damage include:

• Leukoplakia. The condition is considered an early stage of the oncological process. Leukoplakia occurs due to temperature irritants and injury to the mucous membranes.
• Smoking. Under the influence of nicotine and tobacco smoke, the structures of the mouth undergo changes. As a result, a person experiences pain in the upper palate of the mouth.
• Poor quality treatment. Complications occur with improper prosthetics or after the removal of teeth damaged by caries.
• Degenerative processes of bone structures. In this case, unpleasant sensations spread to the joints and jaw.
• Sialometaplasia is a benign tumor that affects the mucous membranes of the mouth. The tumor gradually enlarges and then ruptures, leaving behind a large bleeding wound.

External reasons why it may bake in the mouth

Sometimes unpleasant sensations on the palate and tongue appear due to the occurrence of a serious illness, and it happens that the mucous membrane stings due to the influence of external factors that are easy to eliminate:

• Most often, the cause of baking in the mouth is mechanical damage to the mucous membrane.
  People can injure their tongue and lips while eating; less often, poor-quality dental care leads to damage to the oral mucosa.
• If the palate and tongue are burned by hot food or drinks, the discomfort will continue for at least a few more days. Sometimes the burning sensation continues after the tissue has healed.
• You may develop an allergic reaction to oral care products. For many, this symptom is caused by the presence of sodium lauryl sulfate in toothpaste. It dries out the mucous membrane, which gradually provokes itching and a feeling that the person’s whole mouth is on fire. It is better to put such pastes away.

• Taking some medications can also have unpleasant side effects. The most common causes of burning are iodine-containing medications, antihypertensive drugs when taken uncontrolled, and vasoconstrictors.

A feeling similar to that of a burn to the mucous membrane is often a side effect of chemotherapy.

Treatment

What to do if the roof of your mouth hurts? Therapy is developed for each patient according to an individual scheme: it all depends on his sensitivity to drugs and the symptoms accompanying the disease.

Cancer is treated only under the supervision of a specialist. Home therapy methods and folk remedies will be useless in this case. A dentist gives a referral to an oncologist if he finds suspicious lumps in the oral cavity and other symptoms of cancer. If we are talking about a pathogen of an infectious nature, then the treatment regimen is drawn up depending on the type of microorganism that provoked the problem.

Fighting burns

Wounds are treated by rinsing with herbal decoctions, for example, calendula (1 teaspoon of raw material per glass of water). For local anesthesia of ulcers, gels and ointments are used - Metrogyl Denta, Cholisal. Before applying the drug, the palate is treated with a warm solution or water. Aloe juice is used to accelerate tissue regeneration. To do this, remove the skin from the plant and apply the cut to the damaged areas.

In case of a chemical burn, the mouth is washed with copious amounts of clean water. After this, immediately contact a medical facility or call an ambulance.

Treatment of tumors

Adenocarcinoma and cylindroma are diagnosed in the oral cavity. These tumors are malignant and require a comprehensive approach to therapy: chemotherapy, ionizing radiation and medications. Among benign lumps localized on the palate, fibroma, hemangioma, and papilloma are noted. To remove seals, surgery, electrocoagulation or cryodestruction are used.

In case of bacterial inflammation, the mouth is rinsed with antiseptic solutions: Rotokan, Chlorophyllipt, Furacilin, etc.

Treatment of infection

Folk remedies are well suited for disinfecting affected areas. If the hard palate is very painful, then anesthetics are used in the form of a spray - Lidocaine, Benzocaine or Hexoral. Another type of medication used for severe pain is anti-inflammatory drugs. Preference is given to medications in the form of an ointment or gel - Cholisal, Lidochlor, Kamistad. The latter remedy contains only natural ingredients and a low percentage of lidocaine. It can be used for rough gums and palate in children, as it rarely causes allergic reactions.

Symptoms of a disease of viral etiology are eliminated with oxolinic, viferon or nystatin ointment. For this purpose, the drugs Fluconazole, Acyclovir, Diflucan are suitable. Stomatitis resulting from injury to the mucous membranes is treated with antiseptic sprays: Tantum Verde, Propasol, Bioparox. This is necessary to prevent the development of secondary infection. Applications with Lugol or Iodinol are applied to the lesions daily. In severe cases, hormonal agents and broad-spectrum antibiotics are used to treat inflammation. To accelerate the regeneration of tissues of the oral mucosa, immunomodulators and vitamin complexes are taken.

The tissues on the roof of the mouth react acutely to the spread of bacterial flora. Therefore, when you feel pain, it is necessary to analyze the factors that may cause the disease.

At the first signs of discomfort in the mouth, you can use traditional medicine:

1. Onion peel. The peel of one onion is filled with water in a ratio of 3 tbsp. l. for 500 ml of water. The mixture is placed on low heat, and after boiling, it is infused for 8 hours. Rinse the mouth with the broth filtered through a sieve 2-3 times a day. The product helps relieve irritation of the mucous membranes.
2. Horse sorrel decoction: 100 g of crushed roots of the plant are poured with a liter of water. The mixture is boiled for 15 minutes and left to cool. Rinsing the mouth is carried out after the decoction has completely cooled.
3. Plantain leaves. It is preferable to use a natural ingredient in powder form. This drug can be purchased at a pharmacy or made independently: 2 tbsp. l. Pour a glass of boiling water over chopped plantain and leave for 15 minutes. After cooling, the tincture is used to rinse the mouth after each meal. Plantain relieves swelling of the mucous membranes well.
4. A mixture of onions and Kalanchoe. The plant juice has an analgesic effect. When preparing the medicine, take 1 tbsp. l. juice of each plant, dilute it with 3 tbsp. l. water and mix thoroughly.

Treatment of inflammation in children

It is difficult for a child to explain the sensations he experiences when the mucous membranes of the mouth become inflamed. For this reason, it is necessary to begin treatment in children under the supervision of a specialist. Only a doctor, using a visual examination and laboratory tests, can determine the true cause of the pathology.

If the palate is swollen in a child, then natural remedies are used to treat the pathology, so they have fewer side effects and do not harm health

Inflammation associated with dental diseases is treated with saline or soda solutions: 1 tsp. salts or soda are dissolved in 200 ml of water. Children douche their mouths with this mixture using a bulb, since they do not know how to rinse their mouths on their own.

Pharmacy drugs used in the fight against illness in children are Furacilin or a solution of potassium permanganate in a weak concentration, Chlorhexidine. Severe pain symptoms are relieved with anti-inflammatory drugs - Ibuprofen, Nurofen. To speed up recovery, children are given immunomodulators and vitamins.

Diagnosis of burning in the mouth

In most cases, burning of the oral mucosa is not at all associated with diseases of the teeth and gums. Despite this, if you feel itching, you should first contact your dentist, especially if you have recently had prosthetics or fillings done.

The specialist will examine the oral cavity and, if dental problems are detected, prescribe the necessary treatment. In addition, the dentist can give recommendations on how to eliminate dry mouth, because it is the precursor to discomfort. In this case, even traditional methods will be useful.

If the dentist was unable to cure the patient, he will have to undergo a series of tests and examinations by a neurologist, gastroenterologist, otolaryngologist and endocrinologist. First of all, blood is collected and a swab is taken from the tongue. Once the original disease is identified, the patient will be prescribed the correct treatment.

Diagnostics

Determining the cause of tongue tingling is the responsibility of a dentist. If the presence of provoking diseases is suspected, patients are referred to therapists, gastroenterologists, neurologists, and other specialists. The survey program includes activities such as:

• Dental examination.
  Depending on the etiology of the symptom, tartar, poorly fitting dentures, carious teeth, dry mucous membranes, focal or diffuse changes in the tongue, cheeks and gums may be detected. Additionally, the acidity of saliva is determined and the potential difference is measured.
• Neurological examination.
  Informative for glossodynia. The results reveal the absence of curtain and pharyngeal reflexes, rhythmic trembling of the tongue. The submandibular and upper cervical vegetative nodes are painful when touched. According to electromyography, the prevalence and duration of paresthesia is determined.
• Examination of the salivary glands.
  Recommended to clarify the causes of xerostomia. Based on the results of ultrasound of the salivary glands, congenital anomalies, cysts, tumors, stones, and inflammatory processes are detected. During sialography using a contrast agent, neoplasms and signs of inflammation are detected.
• Lab tests.
  A general and biochemical blood test is performed to exclude B12-deficiency anemia and hypovitaminosis. If candidiasis is suspected, microscopy of the scraping is indicated. Identification of pseudomycelium is a reason for conducting a microbiological study.
• Other techniques.
  For secondary diseases that cause tongue tingling, fibrogastroscopy, colonoscopy, ultrasound of the abdominal organs, electrocardiography, echocardiography, and tests for specific markers to determine autoimmune pathologies may be prescribed.

Oral examination

Treatment of burning sensation in the mouth and tongue

The emphasis is on eliminating the cause of the burning sensation in the mouth, but additional measures necessary to alleviate the symptoms are also prescribed.

Treating the underlying cause of pinching

If it becomes clear that the cause of the burning sensation in the mouth lies in a serious disease, first all efforts will be directed specifically at eliminating it. A therapist or specialist doctor may prescribe the following treatment:

• If an allergy is detected, the patient is prescribed antihistamines. It is recommended to completely avoid contact with the allergen.
• In case of a lack of nutrients, which has led to unpleasant sensations in the mouth and tongue, special medications are prescribed. Moreover, preference is given not to complexes, but to those products that contain only the necessary substances. In this case, these include B vitamins and folic acid.
  

  Fungal diseases should be treated with antibiotics and disinfectant rinses.

• If problems with hormonal levels are detected, a thorough examination is first carried out, which can take more than one month. All this time, the patient is prescribed medications that relieve the burning sensation in the throat and tongue, and only at the very end are hormonal medications prescribed.
• For diabetes, medications are also recommended that can alleviate the patient’s condition. The main treatment is medication and diet, which you will have to follow for the rest of your life.
• If the mucous membranes of the mouth, tongue and lips “burn” due to stress or dry syndrome, the patient will have to visit a neurologist, and sometimes even a psychologist. Usually in such cases it is most difficult to eliminate dryness and burning, since the causes of such symptoms are not completely clear.

Treatment for burning mouth at home

Treatment is divided into two stages: addressing the underlying cause and taking steps to relieve symptoms.

One without the other will be ineffective. To relieve the patient from burning of the oral mucosa, the following recommendations are usually given:

• Regular rinsing of the mouth with diluted antiseptics: Chlorhexidine, Furacilin, Miramistin. The composition is not so important, the main thing is that the product gets rid of bacteria.
• If there are damage to the mucous membrane, it is necessary to treat them with iodine-based ointments or other drugs that promote rapid healing.
• You can get rid of a burning sensation in the mouth using ointments with an anesthetic effect. Remedies such as Kamistad and Lidocaine are excellent for pain relief.
• If your mouth is dry, the symptom can be treated with folk remedies. Rinsing with the addition of sea buckthorn oil will help best.

The list may be longer if there are other symptoms, such as fever or general malaise.

How to prevent burning in the future

In order not to encounter a burning sensation of the tongue and oral mucosa, you need to follow preventive measures:

• Try to sleep at least 7-8 hours a day. This will protect you from stress and weakened immunity - phenomena that often provoke a feeling of heat on the mucous membrane.
• Any bad habits, be it cigarettes or alcohol, must be eliminated from your lifestyle.
• Follow the basics of proper nutrition. Include as many fresh fruits and vegetables in your diet as possible. This is useful not only for teeth and gums, but also for the gastrointestinal tract.
• Maintain good hygiene. Simply brushing your teeth regularly is not enough; you need to visit a specialist once every 6 months, use mouth rinses, dental floss and other aids.
• Pay attention to the composition of hygiene products. If you have sensitive gums and teeth, try to choose toothpastes and rinses with gentler ingredients that do not cause a burning sensation in the mouth.
• Limit your use of chewing gum. Choose only those that do not contain sugar or xylitol.
• Reduce your intake of bitter, hot and sour foods.
• Avoid treating damaged areas with products based on alcohol, potassium permanganate and brilliant green.

When you notice the first unpleasant symptoms, contact a specialist for proper diagnosis and timely treatment.

Burning mouth syndrome

Probably every gastroenterologist in his practice has encountered a patient with complaints of pain or burning of the tongue. Turning to this specialist in the first place is probably due to the following logical chain: the tongue is in the oral cavity, where the digestion process begins, which means that if a problem arises, you should visit a gastroenterologist. Old publications also come to the aid of patients and doctors of other specialties, in which chronic diseases of the digestive organs were considered as the causes of burning tongue.

But is it really that simple? Is pain and burning of the tongue a separate disease and who should treat it?

A little history and terminology.

Pain/burning in the tongue has many synonyms: glossalgia, glossodynia, stomatodynia, glossopyrosis, oral paresthesia, neurogenic glossitis, tongue neurosis, glossalgic syndrome. This condition is traditionally part of the so-called burning mouth syndrome or “burnt mouth syndrome,” in which pain/burning sensations are localized in various areas: tongue, upper palate, gums, lower lip, pharynx.

Burnt mouth syndrome (SMS) was first described back in 1880; in the 20th century, the term glossodynia, i.e., appeared. pain in the tongue, since unpleasant symptoms from the tongue were most common. This syndrome was first identified as a separate disease in 2004.

Almost all existing review articles and recommendations consider glossodynia within the framework of the SOP. General recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of ROP may be applicable to the special case of glossodynia.

Definition

The International Association for the Study of Pain has designated glossodynia and oral burning as chronic pain, specifically “burning pain of the tongue or other mucous membranes of the mouth.”

Later, a detailed definition was given for ORS: “a burning sensation or sensation of altered sensitivity in the oral cavity, repeated daily for more than 2 hours a day for more than 3 months, without obvious causative lesions on clinical examination and examination.”

Epidemiology

Data on the prevalence of ROP and tongue pain/burning separately still vary from study to study. The average incidence of all cases of oral burning (including but not limited to tongue burning) is 0.1-3.7% of the population. Women suffer from this syndrome 2.5-7 times more often than men, especially often over the age of 60 and after menopause.

Common causes of pain and burning in the mouth.

There are two groups of reasons why patients notice a burning sensation in the mouth:

1) Primary (idiopathic), when there are no diseases of the oral cavity and other organs and systems, this will be the true SOR.

2) Secondary, caused by local (localized in the oral cavity) and systemic causes (autoimmune diseases, deficiency conditions, etc.)

Causes of secondary burning sensation in the mouth/burning tongue.

Possible causes of secondary burning sensation in the oral cavity are diverse and, oddly enough, are rarely associated with pathology of the digestive organs. A review published in 2022 on this problem identified the following conditions and diseases responsible for the occurrence of burning sensation in the mouth:

Local factors:

A. Diseases, conditions and damage to the oral cavity:

• fungal infection (eg candidiasis)
• lichen planus
• pemphigoid
• pemphigus

B. Trauma

1) Mechanical

2) Chemical

A. From the patient's side:

• toothpastes with abrasives
• use of mouth rinses with ethyl alcohol
• medications such as aspirin (applied to the sore tooth); over-the-counter medications containing phenols, peroxide, sulfuric acid
• vitamin C (citrus fruits)
• sour drinks
• lozenges and cough suppressants with high menthol content

b. From the dentist:

• Irrigation of the oral cavity with solutions containing methyl methacrylate, formaldehyde, formocresol, sodium hypochloride
• acrylic resin
• eugenol

3) Thermal: spicy or hot food or drink

C. Parafunctional habits

• Tongue sticking out, cheek biting, excessive tongue brushing
• mouth breathing

D. Xerostomia or impaired quality/quantity of saliva

• consequences of radiation or chemotherapy, Sjogren's syndrome, pathology of the salivary glands
• side effects of medications (antihistamines, antidepressants, diuretics, steroid hormones, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, amphetamines)
• smoking

E. Allergic reaction/contact hypersensitivity

• products, additives, flavors
• colorings and flavors from oral care products
• dental materials (nickel sulfate, cobalt, zinc)

System factors

A. Deficiency conditions: decreased levels of iron, zinc, folic acid, vitamins B1, B2, B6, B12

B. Endocrine pathology

• diabetes
• hypothyroidism
• hormonal disorders (changes in cortisol/sex hormone levels)

C. Autoimmune diseases

• Sjögren's syndrome
• lichenoid reactions
• systemic lupus erythematosus

D. Other diseases

• gastroesophageal reflux disease
• celiac disease
• multiple sclerosis
• Parkinson's disease
• Fabry disease

E. Medicines

• angiotensin-converting factor inhibitors
• antiretroviral therapy

F. Peripheral and central neuropathies

• diabetic polyneuropathy, neuropathy due to renal failure, neuropathy due to systemic connective tissue diseases, neuropathy due to HIV infection, postherpetic neuropathy, neuropathy due to chemotherapy

As can be seen from this huge list, most cases of burning of the tongue and in the oral cavity in general are caused by a dental problem/pathology, neurological, endocrine and autoimmune diseases. Gastroenterological causes (for example, gastroesophageal reflux disease) are rather the exception to the rule.

Primary burning sensation in the oral cavity (BOR) and its causes.

If there are no indications of secondary causes of burning in the oral cavity, most likely there is a true SOR. This is an independent disease, the cause of which is still unclear. In its development, the role of psychological factors and mental disorders, changes in the nerve endings and conductive nerve fibers of the oral cavity, as well as the central nervous system is assumed.

Clinical manifestations of ROP.

Symptoms that may bother patients with ROP are:

1) Pain and/or burning in the mouth of varying intensity. Some patients describe these sensations as tingling or irritation, as well as impaired sensitivity. The pain often occurs spontaneously, is often symmetrical and does not necessarily affect only one area. In the case of glossodynia, pain/burning is most often localized in the anterior 2/3 of the tongue, on its back, and lateral surfaces. The pain is minimal in the morning immediately after waking up, increasing in intensity throughout the day. Eating spicy, hot foods and drinks, as well as stress and fatigue increase the pain/burning sensation.

2) More than 70% of patients, in addition to pain/burning, note changes in taste, a decrease in its intensity, as well as the appearance of a foreign taste (bitter, metallic, or a combination of both). Most often, the sensation of sweet and salty tastes is reduced, and sour tastes are perceived more intensely.

3) Dry mouth (xerostomia) is noted by 46-67% of patients with SOP, while according to research data, an objective decrease in the amount of saliva is not observed in them.

4) Association with burning/pain from other mucous membranes has also been described in patients suffering from ROP. Most often this is a burning sensation in the rectum and genital tract. An alternative may be a feeling of dry mucous membranes (eyes, genital tract in women)

5) Night sleep disturbances are common (in 80% of cases) in people with SRS

6) Anxiety and depression are frequent companions of SOR and glossodynia separately. A meta-analysis of clinical studies showed that anxiety conditions increase the risk of developing RAS by 2.6 times, and depression by 3.2 times. Cancerophobia, social phobia, neuroticism, etc. are also often noted.

7) ODS is characterized by an association with other diseases that manifest as chronic pain: fibromyalgia, chronic back pain, chronic pelvic pain, irritable bowel syndrome, etc.

Treatment of SOR.

1) Patient information and support

Many patients with chronic oral burning and pain do not understand why their symptoms persist for so long. An important task of the doctor is to explain to patients with SRS the possible mechanisms of the formation of unpleasant sensations. Patients should be reassured that their symptoms are not imaginary or related to any form of cancer. This support will reduce anxiety, depression, fear and frustration, especially in individuals who have had previous unsuccessful treatment experiences.

2) Local therapy

Local use of clonazepam in the form of mouth rinses showed good results in reducing the severity of pain/burning in the mouth. There is encouraging evidence for the topical use of capsaicin (a chili pepper alkaloid) in low concentrations.

3) Systemic therapy

Tricyclic antidepressants, antidepressants from the group of serotonin and serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, clonazepam, and antiepileptic drugs (pregabalin and gabapentin) are actively used as drugs for the treatment of ORA. The use of alpha-thioctic acid showed little effectiveness.

4) Non-drug psychotherapy

Given the frequent association of ODS with anxiety disorders, phobias and depression, non-pharmacological psychotherapy is an integral part of the treatment of this problem. Cognitive behavioral therapy, individual and group psychotherapy should be considered as methods of choice.

5) Physiotherapy and alternative treatments

Low-level laser therapy and acupuncture have been studied as methods for reducing pain. These methods were effective in some people with cerebral obstruction, but are not widely used.

Conclusion.

Identifying the causes of pain/burning in the oral cavity is a challenge for doctors of different specialties, but their friendly work allows us to solve the problem and improve the quality of life of patients.